Since that time, chess programs running on commercial hardware-more recently including mobile phones-have been able to defeat even the strongest human players. The second of these, against then world champion Vladimir Kramnik is (as of 2023) the last major human-computer match. In 2002–2003, three human–computer matches were drawn, but, whereas Deep Blue was a specialized machine, these were chess programs running on commercially available computers.Ĭhess programs running on commercially available desktop computers won decisive victories against human players in matches in 20. Their most famous success was the victory of Deep Blue over then World Chess Champion Garry Kasparov in 1997, but there was some controversy over whether the match conditions favored the computer. This article documents the progress of significant human–computer chess matches.Ĭhess computers were first able to beat strong chess players in the late 1980s.
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